Measurement and Visualization of IIIF Image Usages.

21st International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries, ICADL 2019, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, November 4–7, 2019. Part of the Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series (LNCS, volume 11853), also part of the Information Systems and Applications, incl. Internet/Web, and HCI book sub series (LNISA, volume 11853).In these years, a lot of libraries and museums have adopted IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework), which promotes mutual use of images among institutions. In IIIF-compatible digital collections, images are retrieved via IIIF Image API with specifying regions of images. Thus, we can investigate the detailed image usage by examining requested regions. In this paper, we demonstrate an application that measures and visualizes which regions of images are looked by users. Specifically, we count the number of accesses to each pixel of images. Since a pixel is the smallest unit that composes an image, it enables to show the detailed image usage. Finally, we visualize the result as heat maps and display heat maps over original images on Mirador, a IIIF-compatible image viewer. Thus, users can interactively investigate which regions of images are looked by users with panning and zooming

Asian Studies in the Era of Open Science

AAS-in-Asia 2020, August 31-September 04, online from Kobe, JapanWith the rapid increase of accessibility to both historical and contemporary resources online, the research methodologies and even the research questions in social science and humanities have been changed drastically over the last decade. Asian Studies is not an exception. Pieces in rare collections in libraries with very limited access such as Buddhism manuscripts are now shared online via new platform for images, IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework), along with the text database. It is now coming to the stage to facilitate open science in Asian Studies. One way of initiating open science is a promotion of open participatory researches by utilizing the open access resources. In addition to these resources, the research outcomes are shifting towards the open access publications. However, only the limited number of open access publication provide open citation in the field of Asian Studies. The promotion of citations is an urgent task in order to assure the traceability of open access resources online and contribute to further development open science in Asian Studies. This panel examines the current practice of open access and open citations in Asian Studies in Japan by presenters consisted of scholars of Buddhism studies, digital humanities, information sciences, and an academic journal editor. Through the examination of cross disciplinary presenters, the panel proposes the possible approaches towards open science in Asian Studies. Asian Studies in the Era of Open Science /Yumi Kitamura(Kyoto University) Promoting Open Science Movement of the East Asian Studies; On "Open" Strategies of the KU-ORCAS /Nobuhiko Kikuchi(Kansai University Open Research Center for Asian Studies) Buddhist Studies with Open Science: An Attempt in Asian Studies /Kiyonori Nagasaki(International Institute for Digital Humanities) Open Citation for the Development of Asian Studies /Chifumi Nishioka(Kyoto University Library) Opening Citation Data: What can/should editors of small-scale journals do? /Narumi Sitara(Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

Possibilities of East Asian Digital Humanities : Through the Activities of Text Encoding

This paper discusses the possibility of DH in East Asia through a survey of past trends in text encoding in East Asia, particularly Japan. In Japan, the construction of text databases has been active since the 1980s, and a large number of text databases of Chinese classics have been created in China and Taiwan. However, the leading standard of text encoding, the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) guidelines were not popular at that time. In the 2010s, as several major barriers have been reduced, the TEI guidelines have become more globally oriented, and a system for dealing with East Asian texts has been established. In the future, it will be possible to produce TEI-compliant structured texts in a more appropriate form, and they will be connected with multimedia data to promote various kinds of digital research. This will lead to a truly global digital research environment in the humanities

Human-assisted OCR of Japanese books with different kinds of microtasks

Human-assisted OCR is a common approach for transcribing books and has been used for many digital library projects. This paper reports our project for transcribing the book collections of National Diet Library in this approach. Our project is unique in two ways. First, we try to extend the human-assisted OCR approach by distributing microtasks in many ways other than just showing tasks in the specific Web page on PC screens. Second, we deal with Japanese books which have thousands of characters, some of which look similar to each other. This paper shows that we can expect high-quality results even if we transcribe Japanese texts with microtasks and the number of preformed microtasks to be stable if we distribute microtasks to equipment with witch worker perform microtasks in their daily lives

Toward a Model for Marking up Non-SI Units and Measurements

This paper presents a markup model for encoding non-SI units and measurements. Historical texts contain many examples of compound measurements, composed of sets of units and numerical components. Instead of using the element, which requires a single set of @unit and @quantity, we propose a newly defined set of tags for encoding idiosyncratic measurement semantics, namely (model.encodingDescPart), (model.global and contained by ), (model.measureLike), and a relevant attribute @factor (which shows factors of numerical values given in a referenced element). All of these elements and attributes will be included in the TEI P5 Guidelines, and they are especially useful when encoding units that are not based on the decimal system. Though this paper offers example encodings based on a Japanese historical source, the Engi-Shiki, this model is also applicable to the markup of units used for measurement within various cultural spheres other than Japan

Named Entities Extraction by Citizen Participation and Machine Learning for Making Machine-readable Old Records of the Edo Period Remaining in Local Communities

わが国には，江戸時代以前に記された業務記録や証文などの古記録が数多く存在する．これらを有効に活用するためには，少ない工数で機械可読データを構築する必要がある．特に，地域特有の資料の場合には，地域特有の固有表現への対応が必要となる．本研究では，江戸期の業務日誌である「小城藩日記データベース」の目録記事文からLinked Data などの機械可読データを生成することを具体的目標とし，固有表現抽出の効率化を行う．その第1 の手法は，市民参加による人手そのものの有効活用である．第2の手法は，機械学習による固有表現の自動抽出である．これらの手法を組み合わせることで，通常は収集の難しい地域特有の固有表現を記事文から，自動かつ高精度で抽出可能である．There are many ancient documents such as business records and testimonials written before the Edo period in Japan. Machine-readable metadata will be one of effective tools for utilizing those records. In cases of materials related to a very small area, in particular, it is necessary to deal with unique expressionsrestricted in the area. In this study, we set a specific goal to generate machine-readable metadata such as Linked Data from the database of the cataloged articles for the Ogi-han Nikki (business records) from the Edo period. We aim to improve the efficiency in extraction processes of named entities. For this purpose, we employ two methods. The first is effective use of human resources through citizen participation. The secondis automated extraction of named entities by machine learning. We show that the proposed method works well even for materials related to a local area.吉賀, 夏子, 堀, 良彰, 只木, 進一, et al. 郷土に残存する江戸期古記録の機械可読化を目的とした市民参加および機械学習による固有表現抽出 : . 情報処理学会論文誌 63, 310 (2022); https://doi.org/10.20729/00216238

Log Analysis Methodology to Understanding Detailed IIIF Image Usage

[The 2019 International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) Conference] 2019/06/24-28, Göttingen, GermanyIt is important for libraries and museums to understand how digital collections and their contents have been used for many reasons, e.g., accountability for stakeholders. In these years, a lot of libraries and museums have adopted IIIF. In IIIF-compatible digital collections, an image is fetched via IIIF Image API. Every time the image is zoomed and panned on an image viewer, the image is called via IIIF Image APIs with varying the value of the region. Thus, it is possible to investigate the detailed image usage by examining which regions of images have been requested. In our presentation, we show a method to analyze the image usage and to visualize the analysis result. The method is comprised of the two steps: 1) measure the number of accesses to each pixel and 2) generate heat map in which the color of each pixel represents the number of accesses to the corresponding pixel. Since a pixel is the smallest unit that composes an image, we enable a fine-grained analysis. Heat maps visualize which regions of an image get more and less accesses. The generated heat maps are displayed over the corresponding target images using the layer function of Mirador. As a result of the analysis, we observe the tendency that the regions close to the center get more accesses than other regions. One of the reasons is that the regions close to the center have higher probabilities to be accessed, when users zoom and pan an image on an image viewer. Therefore, we theoretically compute the probability to be accessed for each pixel and examine how to adjust the number of accesses to each pixel depending on the position of the pixels. In the presentation, we discuss adjustment methods that use the computed probabilities. Finally, we present possible applications including collaborative research platform and transcription platform

Understanding IIIF image usage based on server log analysis

Numerous libraries and museums have adopted the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) that promotes mutual use of images among different institutions. In a IIIF-compatible digital collection, images are retrieved via IIIF Image API (Application Programming Interface), wherein regions of images can be specified. Thus, it is possible to investigate image usage in detail by examining the image regions that have been requested. In this article, we propose a log analysis method to measure the image usage and to visualize the analysis outcomes. Specifically, we employ the number of accesses to each pixel and visualize the results using heat maps. Given that a pixel is the smallest image unit, we apply herein a fine-grained analysis. The analysis method can be used in different applications including research tools in which researchers examine images and heat maps that show which regions of the images have already been examined by collaborators

Visualizing which parts of IIIF images are looked by users

2018 IIIF Conference, Washington DC, USIn this talk, we present how we evaluate and visualize the usage of IIIF-compatible images. We developed a script that analyzes IIIF Image API call logs. The script generates heatmaps that visualize which parts of IIIF images are looked intensively. The generated heatmaps are shown over images using Mirador's layer functionality, so that users can seewhich parts of images are focused. In addition, we report how long it takes to generate heatmaps and how we tried to reduce computational costs. Furthermore, we discuss how this heatmap generator can be deployed as a service for the IIIF images. Generally speaking, visualization of access logs of web sites is not a problem, if anonymization is conducted appropriately. We expect that the visualization not only stimulates users’ interests but also provides persuasive data to maintain the service of publishing digital images. However, anonymization can be invalidated for IIIF images that have few accesses. In addition, a series of activities of a researcher on IIIF images in a collection might reveal his/her viewpoint that would be a key issue of his/her academic outcome. Therefore, access logs to IIIF images require a careful management to be used, in order to make IIIF services be trusted by researchers. Since management of access log to the IIIF images has various options, we might have to create a kind of guidelines for it

Log Analysis Method towards Understanding Detailed IIIF Image Usage

Abstract of paper 0507 presented at the Digital Humanities Conference 2019 (DH2019), Utrecht , the Netherlands 9-12 July, 2019